Sticks to the same belief, even when the evidence suggests it’s wrong.
Claims and arguments often include errors in reasoning.
Starts with a conclusion and cherry-picks only the evidence that confirms the original idea.
Makes vague, unclear claims that can’t be tested.
Fails to be clear about its methods so others can repeat experiments.
Fails to stop and ask “What else could be causing what I’ve observed?”
Relies on anecdotes, personal experiences and testimonials rather than reliable support.
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